Benthic nitrogen regeneration, fixation, and denitrification in a temperate, eutrophic lake: Effects on the nitrogen budget and cyanobacteria blooms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Nitrogen (N) transformations and fluxes at the sediment‐water interface (SWI) were measured in Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain, to clarify the role of N in cyanobacterial blooms in temperate, eutrophic lakes. N sources (e.g., N fixation and tributary inputs), sinks (e.g., denitrification/anammox), and internal “links” (e.g., dissimilatory reduction to ; DNRA) were evaluated at a river discharge (PRM) and in the central basin (MB). Sediments were a more effective sink at PRM than MB. Sediments at both sites were a net source to the water column, but DNRA was not a consistent regeneration pathway. Net N 2 production at PRM in summer reversed to net N 2 consumption/fixation in fall. MB sediments produced N 2 at lower rates than PRM; these rates also reversed late in the season. Denitrification was limited by , especially at MB, and anammox may have contributed up to 10% of total N 2 production. Sediment N 2 fixation occurred simultaneously with denitrification throughout the ice‐free season and, on average, compensated 25–30% of total microbial N losses. A bottom‐water hypoxia event at MB in early July 2009 altered the N cycle, with lower actual denitrification rates and higher effluxes (not from DNRA), while phosphorus (P) flux was unaffected. The hypoxia‐altered N transformation pathways enhanced N bioavailability (but not P) and may have contributed to a non‐N‐fixing cyanobacterial bloom ( Microcystis ) observed 5 d later. A preliminary N budget incorporating sediment and water column sources and sinks and external loads suggested an ecosystem‐wide N deficit.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".