Poxvirus Tropism for Primary Human Leukocytes and Hematopoietic Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Poxviruses including canarypox (ALVAC) and vaccinia viruses have, in recent years, received considerable attention as live vectors for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases such as AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. However, the cellular targets for viral infection within the human immune system and the consequences of infection for cells involved in the generation of immune responses have not been clearly delineated. Using recombinant enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-expressing ALVAC and vaccinia viruses, we have focused here on a side-by-side comparison of ALVAC and vaccinia virus tropism for cells from human peripheral blood and bone marrow. Both ALVAC and vaccinia viruses showed a strong bias toward monocyte infection. ALVAC minimally infected CD19(+) B cells and was unable to infect ex vivo NK cells and T lymphocytes, whereas vaccinia virus could infect B lymphocytes and NK cell populations. Vaccinia virus was also able to infect T lymphocytes at low but detectable levels which could be enhanced upon their activation. Both ALVAC and vaccinia viruses could infect immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), but only ALVAC infection induced their subsequent maturation. Infection in human bone marrow cells showed that ALVAC infection was restricted to a myelomonocytoid cell-specific CD33(+) cell population, while vaccinia virus showed a strong, but not exclusive, preference for these cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".