Reproductive periodicity and larval vertical migration behavior of European green crab Carcinus maenas in a non-native habitat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The reproductive periodicity and vertical migration behavior of the European green crab Carcinus maenas in a non-native environment were characterized and the implications for invasion dynamics highlighted.Biweekly to monthly trap surveys in Pipestem Inlet, British Columbia, revealed ovigerous crabs from mid-February to June 2007.Concurrent meroplankton surveys confirmed green crab zoeae by mid-April, about 1 mo following peak abundance of ovigerous crabs (March 2007).All 4 zoeal stages of development were sampled between March and December 2007, but > 95% were Stage I zoeae sampled between April and August.Vertical meroplankton surveys conducted in 2008 revealed diel-mediated vertical migratory (DVM) behavior; however the majority of sampled zoeae were aggregated near the pycnocline in surface outflowing waters.Negligible densities of post-Stage I zoeae (<1%) support the observation of zoeal export from Pipestem Inlet.Tidal-mediated vertical migratory behavior, characteristic in native European populations, was not observed in Pipestem Inlet.In contrast, low larval densities were sampled in surface (<1 m) and deep (> 8 m) sampling strata.We hypothesize that low surface salinity (17-19 psu) and cold temperature (<12°C below the pycnocline) in deep strata constrained DVM.Our results highlight a need for better characterization of reproductive periodicity and zoeal migratory behavior in non-native habitats, which has implications for improving predictions of secondary spread and range expansion rates mediated via larval dispersal dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".