CYP2Cl g-Mediated (S)-Mephenytoin 4'-Hydroxylation Assayed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Radiometric Detection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CYP2C 19 is one of at least three CYP2C enzymes expressed in human hver (, ), although the abundance of this P450 is generally less than that of etther CYP2C8 or CYP2C9 (). Considerable interindividual differences occur in hepatic CYP2C19 content (, ), primarily owmg to a genetic polymorphism in this enzyme (4). Approximately 15-20% of Orientals and 3% of Caucasians exhibit the CYP2C19 poor-metabolizer phenotype, which is associated with at least two mutant alleles, designated CYP2C 19ml and CYP2C 19m2 (). Studies with cDNA-expressed CYP2C 19 have identified several drugs as substrates for this polymorphically expressed P450, including omeprazole (, ), diazepam (), cyclophosphamlde (), and lfosfamide (). However, the precise role of human hepatic CYP2C19 in drug biotransformation is poorly understood because mhibitory monospecific antiCYP2C19 antibodies are not available and a CYP2C19-specific chemical inhibitor has yet to be identified. Recent correlational analyses have led to the conclusion that CYP2C19 is a major P450 responsible for (S)-mephenytoin 4’-hydroxylation activity in human liver microsomes (, ). This is supported by the finding that cDNA-expressed CYP2C19 has a 50-to lOO-fold greater turnover number than CYP2C8, CYP2C9, or CYP2C 18 for (S)-mephenytoin 4−hydroxylatlon (). As a result, (S)-mephenytom 4’-hydroxylase activity is frequently used as a catalytic monitor for human hepatic CYP2C19. In addmon, (S)-mephenytom 4’-hydroxylation is a useful indicator of the catalytic activity of cDNA-expressed CYP2C 19 (). Varrous analytical methods have been developed to measure the enzymatic formation of 4’-hydroxymephenytoin, including isocratrc, reversed-phase hrgh performance hqutd chromatography (). This chapter describes a method for the determination of (S)-mephenytoin 4’-hydroxylation by gradient, reversedphase high performance llqurd chromatography using 14C-labeled substrate and radiometrrc detection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".