Genome sizes for 71 species of <i>Zamia</i> (Cycadales: <i>Zamiaceae</i> ) correspond with three different biogeographic regions
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nuclear DNA contents (2C‐value) are reported for 71 out of 76 accepted species of Zamia (Zamiaceae) using flow cytometry with propidium iodide. Nuclear DNA content in Zamia ranges between 33.7 and 45.7 pg. Despite this small range, the largest genome contains roughly 10 10 more base pairs than the smallest genome. The results for Zamia point to two centers of biogeographic distribution: Mexico and Colombia. Nicaragua seems to be the biogeographic boundary for these two centres for Zamia . To the north, genome sizes of 33.7–38.0 pg (average 35.6 pg) are found and to the south (Costa Rica, Panama and South America) 41.2–45.7 pg (average 42.9 pg). Plants from the Caribbean islands (including Florida) have intermediate genome sizes with 37.3–40.9 pg (average 38.7 pg). Costa Rica and Panama are in a transition zone and its species can be divided into three subsections: four species with ‘Caribbean’ values of 38.4–39.5 pg (average 39.0 pg), six species with ‘South American’ values with 42.7–43.6 pg, (average 42.9 pg, and six species with intermediate values ranging between 40.1–41.0 pg (average 40.4 pg). The latter values are nearly absent in other areas, suggesting that they could be the products of (introgressive) hybridization. This study represents the first, nearly complete overview of the genome sizes of the genus Zamia and their relationship with biogeography.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it