VUV/UV/Chlorine as an Enhanced Advanced Oxidation Process for Organic Pollutant Removal from Water: Assessment with a Novel Mini-Fluidic VUV/UV Photoreaction System (MVPS)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine processes are regarded as two of many advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Because of the similar cost of VUV/UV and UV lamps, a combination of VUV and UV/chlorine (i.e., VUV/UV/chlorine) may enhance the removal of organic pollutants in water but without any additional power input. In this paper, a mini-fluidic VUV/UV photoreaction system (MVPS) was developed for bench-scale experiments, which could emit both VUV (185 nm) and UV (254 nm) or solely UV beams with a nearly identical UV photon fluence. The photon fluence rates of UV and VUV output by the MVPS were determined to be 8.88 × 10(-4) and 4.93 × 10(-5) einstein m(-2) s(-1), respectively. The VUV/UV/chlorine process exhibited a strong enhancement concerning the degradation of methylene blue (MB, a model organic pollutant) as compared to the total performance of the VUV/UV and UV/chlorine processes, although the photon fluence of the VUV only accounted for 5.6% of that of the UV. An acidic pH favored MB degradation by the VUV/UV/chlorine process. The synergistic mechanism of the VUV/UV/chlorine process was mainly ascribed to the effective use of (•)OH for pollutant removal through formation of longer-lived secondary radicals (e.g., (•)OCl). This study demonstrates that the new VUV/UV/chlorine process, as an enhanced AOP, can be applied as a highly effective and energy-saving technology for small-scale water and wastewater treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".