An Experimental Study of Multiphase Behavior for n-Butane/Bitumen/Water Mixtures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Steam-solvent coinjection has been studied and pilot-tested as a potential method to improve steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) for bitumen recovery. Reliable design of coinjection requires reliable PVT data for bitumen/solvent/water mixtures, which are scarce and fragmentary in the literature. The main objective of this research was to present a new set of PVT and multiphase data for n-butane/Athabasca-bitumen/water mixtures at pressures up to 10 MPa and temperatures up to 160°C. Experiments were conducted by use of a conventional PVT apparatus. The data presented include multiphase equilibria up to four coexisting phases and liquid densities for 100% bitumen, two mixtures of n-butane/bitumen, and one mixture of n-butane/bitumen/water. A single equation-of-state model was developed to correlate all experimental data obtained, and used to interpret complex multiphase behavior observed for the highly size-asymmetric polar mixtures. Liquid-liquid separation of hydrocarbons was experimentally observed at the n-butane concentration of 97 mol% in the n-butane/bitumen system with/without water, for a wide range of temperatures at operating pressures for expanding-solvent-SAGD (ES-SAGD). This may indicate the limited solubility of n-butane in bitumen even when a high level of accumulation of n-butane takes place near a chamber edge in ES-SAGD for Athabasca bitumen. The multiphase transition that involves appearance/disappearance of the vapor phase was observed to occur near the vapor pressure of n-butane or its extension. Such phase transition occurs at a higher pressure in the presence of water, due to its vapor pressure, than in the absence of water at a given temperature. This is the first time four coexisting phases are reported for n-butane/Athabasca-bitumen/water mixtures at temperature-pressure conditions relevant to ES-SAGD.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".