Sex differences in cardiac rehabilitation.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the baseline characteristics and outcomes between men and women in a Canadian cardiac rehabilitation program. DESIGN: Nonrandomized, retrospective, observational study with a before and after research design. SETTING: The Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, a tertiary cardiac care centre. PATIENTS: Three hundred and eighty-seven patients, 82% male aged 59+/-10 years and 18% female aged 61+/-4 years, who were enrolled in the on-site cardiac rehabilitation program between November 1, 1995 and April 1, 1997. INTERVENTION: A three-month, multifactorial cardiac rehabilitation program that incorporates exercise training, risk factor modification, education and psychosocial support. MAIN RESULTS: Fewer than 20% of all rehabilitation participants (n=70; 18%) were women; most participants were under 65 years of age. More women than men had a primary diagnosis of myocardial infarction (42% versus 28%, respectively), whereas men were more likely than women to have had coronary artery bypass grafting (45% versus 23%, respectively). Men and women had similar mean baseline measures of body mass index, blood pressure and glucose levels, whereas women had significantly higher mean baseline measures of total cholesterol (5.6 mmol/L versus 5.0 mmol/L for men, P 0.001), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (3.4 mmol/L versus 3.1 mmol/L, P=0. 012) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (1.2 mmol/L versus 1.0 mmol/L, P 0.001). Baseline LDL to HDL ratios were 3.3 for men and 3.0 for women (not significant), and total cholesterol to HDL ratios were 5.4 and 4.9 for men and women, respectively. Men had a higher exercise capacity than women coming into the program (metabolic equivalent [METs] 6.6 versus 4.9, respectively, P 0.001), had a higher baseline activity level (1114 kcal/week versus 617 kcal/week, P=0.001) and scored higher than women in all health-related quality of life scores. After the program, there were no significant sex differences in improvement in MET level, physical activity or risk factor profile. Although men exercised more than women (increase of 557 kcal/week versus 343 kcal/week, respectively), this was not statistically significant. In health-related quality of life scores, both men and women improved in all scores, although women reported less increase than men in their level of overall vitality (P=0.016). CONCLUSION: Women are the minority of cardiac rehabilitation patients, although they appear to benefit equally well from the program.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".