Seasonal availability of inoculum of the Heterobasidion root disease pathogen in central Wisconsin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
After deposition of airborne basidiospores, the root disease pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare Garbelotto and Otrosina infects fresh conifer stumps and spreads through root grafts or by root contact to adjacent trees. Infection can be prevented, however, by borate application. Because the need for stump protection depends on inoculum availability, spore trapping was conducted (usually biweekly) from September 2009 through December 2011 in three infested plantations of predominantly red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton) in central Wisconsin. A semiselective medium in Petri plates was exposed for 1 h in daylight at each of four locations in each plantation. After 7–10 days incubation at 20 °C, plates were examined and presence and abundance of colonies of the Spiniger asexual stage were recorded. Heterobasidion irregulare was detected on most dates during the two growing seasons, but colonies were most abundant during late summer, fall, and early winter. Relatively fewer colonies developed on medium exposed during periods of coldest winter temperatures, but colonies of the pathogen did develop frequently on medium exposed at ≤ 5 °C and occasionally on medium exposed at ≤ 0 °C. Biologically based guidelines for stump treatment require additional studies of seasonal factors influencing inoculum availability, in situ spore germination, infection, and establishment of the pathogen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".