Non-monotonic Surface Charging Behavior of Platinum: A Paradigm Change
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In electrochemical systems, metal surface charging phenomena dictate the strength of electrostatic interactions between the electrified electrode and ions in solution. These effects are of vital importance for electrochemical reactions in general. Historically, the potential of zero charge (pzc) of the metal has been employed to parametrize the surface charging relation. The structural model of the electrified interface presented in this article goes beyond the oversimplified pzc concept by accounting for the formation of surface oxide and the orientational ordering of interfacial water molecules. The analytical solution of the model reveals a peculiar non-monotonic charging behavior. The Pt surface exhibits a negative effective charge in a low potential region, a positive charge in an intermediate potential region, and a negative charge in a high potential region due to surface oxide dipoles. This non-monotonic behavior is in agreement with a seminal experimental work of Frumkin and Petrii [Electrochim. Acta1975, 20, 347?359.] that had remained hitherto unexplained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".