Comparison of CNS AdverseEffects between Astemizole andChlorpheniramine in Children: ARandomized, Double-Blind Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the central nervous system side effects of chlorpheniramine and astemizole in children. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind cross-over study. SETTING: Children were recruited from the out-patient allergy clinic and from respondents to an advertisement in a local newspaper. The study was conducted in the outpatient clinics of the ambulatory care services of the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Children 8-16 years of age, with isolated allergic rhinitis or hay fever, were eligible for the study. We excluded children with: (1) chronic conditions (specifically asthma, atopic dermatitis, learning disabilities, or current treatment with oral corticosteroid medication); (2) known allergy to the study medications; (3) recent use of any antihistamine medication. One hundred and three children entered the study and 92 completed it. INTERVENTIONS: Children were stratified by age and randomly allocated to treatment with one of the two medication sequences. Over a period of 13 weeks both groups had 1 week of baseline studies, 3 weeks of one study medication, either chlorpheniramine or astemizole, a 6-week wash-out period and then 3 weeks of the other study medication for a second treatment period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Attention span (continuous performance test), short-term auditory and visual memory (visual aural digit span test), visual memory for geometric shapes (Benton visual retention test), motor coordination and visual-motor integration (grooved pegboard test), tapping speed and fine motor coordination (finger tapping test), physical side effects (such as sleepiness and dizziness), and compliance. RESULTS: One hundred and three patients were enrolled in the study, 92 (89%) completed the study. There were no significant drug effects on the visual retention test and the continuous performance test. On the visual aural digit span test, patients treated with astemizole scored higher than at baseline. There were no clinical or statistical differences in adverse effects between the two medications or between each medication and baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The two antihistamines studied had no adverse effects on the performance of children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".