Rheological and thermal properties of novel surfactant‐polymer systems for EOR applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, two surfactant‐polymer (SP) systems were evaluated for enhanced oil recovery applications. The first SP system contained partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and alkyl polyethylene glycol ether‐based non‐ionic surfactant. The second SP system consisted of the same polymer and alcohol propoxylate sulphate‐based anionic surfactant. Rheology, thermal stability, interfacial tension (IFT), and core flooding experiments were performed to evaluate the SP systems at different temperatures, surfactant concentrations, and salt concentrations. The anionic surfactant reduced the viscosity of the polymer. However, the effect of the non‐ionic surfactant on the rheological properties was not significant. The non‐ionic surfactant was found to be stable at 80 °C while the structural changes were identified in the anionic surfactant after aging. IFT values of both surfactants were measured at various temperatures and salinities. Due to poor thermal stability and IFT increasing with temperature, the SP system containing the propoxylated anionic surfactant is recommended for applications in low‐temperature reservoirs only. However, the SP system containing the ethoxylated non‐ionic surfactant showed promising results at high‐temperature and high‐salinity conditions and 26 % additional oil recovery was obtained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".