Bibliographic record
Abstract
In March 27, 2005, Wilfred Bigelow died in Toronto at age 91. A pioneer in the early era of heart surgery, he expanded his interest in hypothermia to the repair of congenital defects. He studied the effect of induced hypothermia in lowering metabolic rate and oxygen consumption of tissues and postulated that this method would extend the safe period of temporary circulatory interruption by postponing cerebral ischemia. As a consequence, the known limit of tolerance was extended from a few minutes at normal temperature to 10 or 15 minutes. He studied the need to overcome shivering while reaching the desired temperature level, and he developed methods to control cardiac dysrhythmia at low temperatures. In 1949, he presented the results of his studies on hypothermic dogs at a meeting of the American Surgical Association in Colorado Springs. He developed a special cooling blanket for the induction of hypothermia and for rewarming. With John C. Callaghan and J.A. Hopps, he developed one of the first electrical pacemakers. They developed techniques to combat air embolism and cardiac dysfunction during the period of temperature manipulation. Bigelow's report led several surgeons, including ourselves, to attempt intracardiac repairs of simple anatomic anomalies such as atrial septal defect and isolated pulmonic stenosis. Repair could be successful if accomplished within a maximum of 8 or 10 minutes of circulatory arrest. Bigelow was born June 18, 1913, in Brandon, Manitoba, the son of Dr. W.A. Bigelow, himself a pioneer physician. Wilfred attended the University of Toronto and received his graduate training at Toronto General Hospital and later at Johns Hopkins Hospital, where he was influenced by Richard Bing in the recently formed cardiac catheterization laboratory. Their studies of circulatory dynamics contributed importantly to knowledge of cardiac and circulatory function. After his training at Johns Hopkins, Bigelow was named a research fellow at Toronto in 1950, where he continued his investigations. He became professor of surgery in 1970 and head of the cardiovascular division of Toronto General Hospital from 1956 to 1977, retiring in 1979. Dr. Bigelow was elected president of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, the Society for Vascular Surgery, and the Canadian Cardiovascular Society. In 1959, he received the prestigious Gairdner Foundation International Award for his contributions to surgical science. Wilfred was a friendly, personable, unassuming, and modest individual and a man I admired greatly. Denton A. Cooley, MD President, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.022 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".