Mercury Transformation and NO Emission of Coal Combustion with CaCl<sub>2</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub>Cl Additives in a 6 kW CFB Combustor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Combustion experiments of anthracite with different amounts of CaCl 2 and NH 4 Cl additives were conducted in a 6 kW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor. Mercury transformation resulted by the addition of CaCl 2 and NH 4 Cl, and the side effects on NO emission were explored. Mercury species existing in flue gas and fly ash were determined, respectively, by the Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) and thermal decomposition experiments, to explore the mercury transformation pathway and mechanism. Results show that the initial Hg 0 and Hg 2+ emission concentrations in flue gas are 2.276 and 2.572 μg/Nm 3, respectively, as the anthracite is combusted in the CFB combustor. The proportion of gas-phase mercury is 22.65% and that of particle-bound mercury is 77.35%. The gas-phase mercury emission concentration decreases continuously with the increase of CaCl 2 or NH 4 Cl addition amount and is also affected by the unburned carbon content of fly ash. Mercury compounds species existing in fly ashes are mainly HgCl 2 and HgS with little amounts of HgSO 4 /HgO. The addition of CaCl 2 or NH 4 Cl leads to the significant increase of HgCl 2 content in fly ash with a slight change on HgS and HgSO 4 /HgO contents. Anthracite combustion with CaCl 2 or NH 4 Cl additives can promote more Hg 0 and Hg 2+ in flue gas transformation to HgCl 2 adsorbed on fly ash by homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. The addition of NH 4 Cl reduces 5–10% NO emission, but the addition of CaCl 2 increases NO emission within 10%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".