Rabies in Canada - 2011
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 2011, 4397 suspect rabid animals were submitted for testing to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency diagnostic laboratories in Ottawa, Ontario and Lethbridge, Alberta. Of these, 115 (2.6%) tested positive in the fluorescent antibody test (FAT). Additionally, enhanced wildlife surveillance samples from Ontario (ON, n=185) and Alberta (AB, n=88) were tested and found to be negative. The majority of rabies cases were detected in the province of Saskatchewan (n=34), followed by ON (n=26), Manitoba (n=21), Quebec (n=17), British Columbia (n=7), Northwest Territories (n=6) and Nunavut (n=4). No cases were found in AB, Yukon Territories, or the Atlantic provinces, although with the exception of AB, samples submissions were very low (1 to 40 samples) from these regions. The striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) was the species most frequently found positive (n=42), followed by big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus, n=35), Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus, n=11) and red fox (V. vulpes, n=5). Spillover of wildlife rabies variants into domestic animals was observed in 1 bovine and 1 dog (Arctic fox variant), and in 4 cats, 2 horses and 1 dog (Western skunk variant). The remaining positive cases were found in various bat species. Positive cases involving human exposures originated from 33 different counties, whereas those with only domestic animal exposures or no exposures noted came from 58 and 14 counties, respectively. Of the 105 counties represented only 6 were common to two or more exposure categories. While 1% of samples with human exposures tested positive, 10.6% of those with domestic animal exposure, and 5.2% of those with no exposure indicated tested positive for rabies. In addition to the animal samples, seven human suspect cases were tested by RT-PCR and/or FAT on saliva and nuchal skin biopsy samples; all were negative for rabies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".