Lipid raft association with TLR4 and TLR2 in the lungs of foals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) establishes long‐term pulmonary infection and causes pneumonia in foals because of inefficient TLR2 signaling and inability to produce IFN gamma. Lipid rafts act as signaling platforms for TLRs. Because there are no data on the lipid rafts in the horses and because of efforts to develop vaccines against R. equi, we developed protocol to isolate lipid rafts and examined its association of TLRs in lung tissues alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained from foals infected with R. equi with (N=7) or without vaccination (N=8). Lipid raft fractions were identified through the presence of flotillin‐1 and GM‐1. While TLR4 and TLR2 were localized in most of the fractions (1–9) in control foal AM collected, the TLR4 and TLR2 association was restricted to the lipid rafts AMs of vaccinated foals. Lung sections showed co‐localization of flotllin‐1 with TLR4 and TLR2 in the airway epithelium. Immunohistology showed increased expression of TLR4, TLR2 and TNF alpha in alveolar septa and in some cases in the vascular endothelium and airway epithelium in the lungs of both the infected groups compared to the untreated control foals. There were no differences in histopathology and gross pathology in the lungs between two groups. The data show that while there is some effect of vaccination on the association of TLR4 and TLR2 with the lipid rafts, the vaccine does not protect the foals against pathology caused by R. equi infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".