Synthesis and Hydrodeoxygenation Activity of Carbon Supported Molybdenum Carbide and Oxycarbide Catalysts
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbothermal hydrogen reduction (CHR) of ammonium heptamolybdate impregnated activated charcoal (AC) yields a mixed Mo 2 C/MoO x C y catalyst. As the CHR temperature increases (from 600 to 800 °C) the Mo 2 C content increases. At 675 °C graphite networks are generated that attach to the β-Mo 2 C particles, and at ≥700 °C agglomeration and sintering occur, all of which decrease catalyst activity. An optimal CHR temperature of ∼650 °C is identified based on the catalyst activity for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of 4-methylphenol (4-MP) at 350 °C and 4.3 MPa H 2 and the high selectivity for direct deoxygenation (DDO: to yield toluene) versus hydrogenation (HYD: to yield cyclohexane). The Mo 2 C/MoO x C y catalysts have higher DDO selectivity than MoP, MoO 2, or MoS 2 when operated at similar conditions. The apparent activation energies for DDO (125 kJ/mol) and HYD (89 kJ/mol) are invariant among the catalysts with varying Mo 2 C content, but the rate per g Mo correlates with the CO uptake. The fact that the kinetics are not strong functions of the CHR reduction temperature and hence relative content of Mo 2 C versus MoO x C y suggests that the active site of the catalyst is a result of O adsorption and/or exchange with the catalyst during reaction, and these active sites occur on both Mo 2 C and MoO x C y during the HDO reaction.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it