Micropollutant Removal Potential by Aged Powdered Activated Carbon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to present a first demonstration of the potential of aged powdered activated carbon (PAC) to remove micropollutants during batch tests. Three PACs of varying ages (0, 10, and 60 days) were added (1 g/L) in settled and preozonated settled water, in which a mixture of 10 micropollutants had been spiked at environmentally relevant concentrations. Under these operating conditions, direct competition with natural organic matter was not evidenced when decreasing absorbability of the organic matter through ozonation. All the micropollutants were rapidly adsorbed on the three PACs, and removals superior to 95% were reached within 5 min of contact time for all the micropollutants investigated. PAC aging decreased the adsorption kinetics of atrazine, deethylatrazine, and caffeine. PAC age is thus expected to reduce significantly the process performance at contact times less than 15 min. This study demonstrates that aged PAC suspensions allowing the removal of ammonia and dissolved organic carbon also have the potential to efficiently remove a wide variety of micropollutants by adsorption and comply with current World Health Organization guideline values for microcystin-LR (1 μg/L) and atrazine (2 μg/L).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".