Bibliographic record
Abstract
When Napoleon left for Moscow, in June 1812, he marched at the head of a huge army, perhaps more than half a million men strong. Roughly one fifth of them survived and came back to Germany at the turn of 1812/13. The "Grande Armée" had been subject to open battles and guerilla warfare, but even more to the ravages of hunger and infectious disease - it was epidemic typhus that killed off the soldiers. On their way back to France, the soldiers carried that disease to some areas of Germany, esp. those along the Main river. In late winter of 1813 some parts of Franconia suffered terribly. The epidemic subsided in summer 1813 when the lice - typhus is a louse-born disease - were less and better under control. But again in the winter of 1813/14, after the battle of Leipzig (Oct. 1813), a murderous epidemic of typhus broke out and killed very many people in cities like Wurzburg, Aschaffenburg, and Mainz. Mortality rose to a high percentage. Some contemporary German doctors had a rough idea that the carrier of the disease must be in the clothes. According to very conservative estimates one out of ten Germans fell sick, and ten percent of the sick died of typhus, a quarter of a million out of 23 million people. German historiography normally does not mention this epidemic in history text-books, so this epidemic is rather unknown.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".