Modal energy flow analysis of a highly modulated wake behind a wall-mounted pyramid
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the highly modulated turbulent wake behind a wall-mounted square-base pyramid protruding through the boundary layer. We present the first modal energy flow analysis of a time-resolved three-dimensional velocity field from experimental particle image velocimetry data. The underlying low-order representation is optimized for resolving the base-flow variation as well as the first and second harmonics associated with vortex shedding – generalizing the triple decomposition of Reynolds & Hussain ( J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 54, 1972, pp. 263–288). This analysis comprises not only a detailed modal balance of turbulent kinetic energy as pioneered by Rempfer & Fasel ( J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 275, 1994, pp. 257–283) for proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) models, but also the companion energy balance of the mean flow. The experimental results vividly demonstrate how constitutive elements of mean-field theory (Stuart, J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 4, 1958, pp. 1–21) near laminar Hopf bifurcations remain strongly pronounced in a turbulent wake characterized by highly modulated, quasi-periodic shedding. The study emphasizes, for instance, the stabilizing role of mean-field manifolds, as explored in the pioneering POD model of Aubry et al. ( J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 192, 1988, pp. 115–173). The presented low-order representation of the flow and modal energy flow analyses may provide important insights and reference data for computational turbulence modelling, e.g. unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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