H<scp>istorical</scp> V<scp>ignettes in</scp> H<scp>eart</scp> F<scp>ailure</scp>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
“The case is given by Dr. Cheyne.… The only peculiarity in the last period of his illness, which lasted only 8 or 9 days, was in the state of the respiration. For several days, his breathing was irregular; it would entirely cease for a quarter of a minute, and then it would become perceptible, but very low, then by degrees it became heaving and quick, and then it would gradually cease again. This revolution in the state of his breathing occupied about 1 minute, during which there were about 30 acts of respiration…the cavity of the left ventricle was greatly enlarged…this case is full of instruction. We see in a patient…the establishment of a weakened heart…after exhibiting a peculiar character of respiration, doubtless a symptom of this condition of the heart.…”1 William Stokes was born in Dublin in 1804 and studied chemistry at Glasgow. It was in Edinburgh where he received his medical education and degree in 1823. In 1825, he returned to Dublin and was appointed physician to Meath Hospital where his reputation as a teacher and clinician rapidly grew. In 1837, he wrote Diseases of the Chest, which was recognized as the first modern treatise on the subject in the English language and which brought him great fame. Later, his book, Diseases of the Heart and the Aorta, was published. This treatise was the result of 20 years of experience and demonstrated Stokes' clinical acumen and intimate familiarity with the literature of cardiology. Of Stokes, it has been said “his great object in teaching medicine was to make his pupils practical men, to stimulate them to original investigations, and to make them feel that he himself was, in all cases, their fellow student.” After spending 50 years at Meath Hospital and receiving several honors, he resigned. William Stokes died on January 10, 1878.2 This passage from William Stokes' book, Diseases of the Heart and the Aorta, describes a particular type of respiration in patients with “fatty degeneration” of the heart. This abnormality of the breathing pattern is today called Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Although Cheyne was the first to describe this particular symptom, it was Stokes who related it to patients with heart failure, “…the cavity of the left ventricle was greatly enlarged…this case is full of instruction. We see in a patient…the establishment of a weakened heart…after exhibiting a peculiar character of respiration, doubtless a symptom of this.” Several recent studies have described the importance of sleep breathing disorders (central or obstructive sleep apnea) in patients with heart failure. Central sleep apnea or Cheyne-Stokes respiration is considered a symptom and a potential therapeutic target in patients with heart failure. Stokes' description and his keen sense of scientific expression stood the test of time.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".