On the Extraction of Vanadium (V) by Alkanols: A comparative Study of 1-pentanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol Isomers as Extractants for Vanadium (V) Extraction from Hydrochloric Acid Solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p>Further to the previous study on the extractive recovery of V(V) from HCl solution by some alkanols, the extraction of V(V) from HCl solutions by 1-pentanol and 3-methyl -1-butanol (isomers) dissolved in n-heptane were investigated in the present study, still propelled by the need to proffering viable alternatives to the scarce and relatively costly organophosphorous extractants, and also compare the extraction efficiency of straight- and branched-chain extractants. At the studied pH range (0.5-4.0) with 1-penttanol as extractant, the percentage V(V) extraction (extraction efficiency, E%) reached optimum E%= 40.0 at pH of 3.0 and for 3-methyl-1-butanol, optimum E% was 36.7 at pH 2.0. Increasing concentration of HCl at the studied range (1.0 – 6.0 mol L<sup>-1</sup>) was found to have an appreciable effect on percentage V(V) extraction. With both extractants, E% peaked at 5.0 and 6.0 mol L<sup>-1</sup>HCl with values 70.0 and 66.7% for 1-pentanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol respectively.</p><p>With increase in the concentration of extractants, both extractants produced a trend of increased/decreased in E% for V(V), suggesting the extraction of two different species. The optimal percentage extraction values were 70.0 and 66.7% observed at log [1-pentanol] = 0.86 mol L<sup>-1</sup> and log[3-methyl-1-butanol]=0.86 mol L<sup>-1 </sup>, in that order. The determined enthalpy change. for 1-pentanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol systems were -80.4/120 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>and -203.0/254.7 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup> respectively, indicating exothermic/endothermic extraction processes. The isomer 3- methyl -1-butanol gave a higher extraction efficiency after a three-stage extraction (E% = 92.5) than 1-pentanol (E% = 83.4). Recycling experiment revealed both to be recyclable. From slope analysis, analytical and spectra data, the extracted complexes have been formulated as VO<sub>2</sub>Cl.nROH and (VO<sub>2</sub>Cl)<sub>m</sub>.nROH (where m&gt;&gt; n) at low and high concentrations of extractant, respectively. On the whole, 3-methyl-1-butanol was assessed as fairly better as an extractant for vanadium (V) at lower temperature experimental conditions. The effect of methyl branched-chain played an insignificant role on the extraction.</p>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".