‘The Hole in the Sky Causes Global Warming’: A Case Study of Secondary School Students’ Climate Change Alternative Conceptions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study identified secondary school students’ alternativeconceptions (ACs) of climate change and their resistance to instruction. Usinga case-based approach, a diagnostic test was administered to Secondary 3 malestudents in a pre-test and post-test. The ACs identified in the pre-test wereon the causes of climate change, the natural greenhouse effect and itsproperties, the enhancement of the greenhouse effect, the elements involved inheat-trapping and their characteristics. There were also notable ACs on theeffects of climate change, mostly on how the phenomenon is related tonon-atmospheric events such as tsunami, earthquakes, acid rain and skin cancer.The students confuse the Montreal with the Kyoto Protocol as the primary treatyaimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions. Whereas there was significantimprovement in students’ understanding in the post-test, the distribution ofresponses for each of the ACs showed that the reduction in erroneous responseswas not sufficient to reject the ACs fully. The authors recommend thatinstruction should move beyond patchwork pedagogy to a more explicitacknowledgement, incorporation and direct refutation of misconceived knowledgestructures. 
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".