101 In vitro investigations on the use of non-nutritive sorbent additives to sequester boar taint compounds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the effectiveness of four (4) low-cost feed additives with adsorbing capacities against androstenone and assess for their feasibility as dietary interventions to control boar taint. Boar taint is an unsavory odor and taste detected from pork of some intact male pigs when cooked, caused by high accumulation of the sex steroid androstenone and the indole skatole. Available research exploring dietary approaches to control androstenone is scarce. Candidate additives (bentonite, BNT; diatomaceous earth, DE; spent filter aid, SFA; and sodium-calcium aluminosilicate, JUMP) have all been found to be effective treatments against aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone in the gut of pigs and chickens as dietary supplementation. Each was used to bind radiolabeled androstenone (AND), estrone (E1), and estrone sulfate (E1S) from buffer solutions in a pH 7.4 in vitro system developed in our laboratory (n = 4). Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics was used to analyze binding effectiveness, expressed as Bmax (maximum binding) and Km (amount of additive required to reach 50% of Bmax). Tukey's range test was performed for statistical significance with SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). All tested additives demonstrated high Bmax against AND, with BNT being the most effective binder of both AND and E1 (Table 101). Most additives also appear to exhibit selective binding between steroids, with the highest difference seen between binding of AND versus E1S (P < 0.05). We conclude that all four additives tested in this experiment effectively bound androstenone under in vitro conditions and that further research involving animal models is warranted to explore their effectiveness and selectivity in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs to control boar taint. Michaelis-Menten parameters (value ± SEM) of four adsorbents against steroids AND, E1, and E1S. Letters represent statistical significance between treatments within bound steroid (P < 0.05); values with numbers indicate no difference across bound steroids within each treatment (P > 0.05).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".