Le droit public survira-t-il à sa contractualisation? Le cas des accords de coopération dans le système fédéral belge (Will Public Law Survive its Contractualization? Cooperation Agreements in the Belgian Federal System)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
French Abstract: Cet article examine le phenomene de contractualisation du droit public, par le truchement des accords de cooperation conclus entre membres de la federation belge. L’auteure soutient non seulement que le federalisme peut survivre au phenomene de la contractualisation mais qu’il ne peut s’epanouir en l’absence de celui-ci. Une premiere partie brosse un portrait des accords de cooperation en Belgique ainsi que de leurs principales fonctions au sein du regime federal. Une seconde explore trois dimensions de la force normative des accords de cooperation: leur valeur contractuelle entre les signataires, leur capacite a generer des normes contraignantes a l’endroit des tiers, de meme que leur place dans la hierarchie des normes (notamment la capacite des acteurs federaux a legiferer a l’encontre d’une entente existante). En conclusion, l’auteure souligne que meme les accords conclus en contravention des regles de droit public peuvent avoir un tres grand degre d’effectivite en pratique, de maniere a redefinir implicitement les contours du droit public. Ce phenomene peut etre analyse comme une forme paradoxale du pluralisme juridique (l’Etat se placant lui-meme en etat de « droit parallele » au droit etatique).English Abstract: This article examines the “contractualization” of public law, through a study of cooperation (intergovernmental) agreements between actors in the Belgian federation. The author contends not only that federalism can survive the contractualization phenomenon, but in fact that federalism actually requires contractualization of relations between members of a federation. The paper first reviews the practice of cooperation agreements and of the main functions they play in the federal regime. It then explores three dimensions of their normative force: their binding character between signatories, their capacity to generate binding norms for third parties and their place in the hierarchy of norms (notably whether they supersede unilateral legislation and regulation). In conclusion, the author argues that even agreements adopted in contradiction to rules of public law may have a very strong degree of effectivity in practice. This can lead to para-constitutional engineering and to a paradoxical phenomenon of legal pluralism, in which the state itself develops a “parallel” legal regime in contradiction with the formal state legal order.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".