Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since 2009, Canadians have had the opportunity to contribute to tax-free savings accounts (TFSAs). This study provides insight into the attributes of TFSA participants. I use data from the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) for general participation trends and the 2012 Survey of Financial Security (SFS) to examine the socio-economic characteristics of participants and their contributions. Examining data from the CRA, I find that the majority of tax-filing Canadians did not participate in the TFSA program by 2013, with age and income level affecting participation and contribution decisions. Evidence from the SFS data corroborates that obtained from the CRA data. I find that households with children or households headed by individuals with less than postsecondary education are less likely to participate. In addition, I find that households with higher net worth are more likely to participate and contribute more. Consequently, I conclude that TFSAs are likely to have an economically significant distributional impact, making them less attractive on distributional grounds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".