Effect of bleaching on fracture toughness of composite-dentin bonds.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The effect of carbamide peroxide concentration and length of exposure on fracture toughness (KIC) of existing composite-dentin interfaces was assessed using the notchless triangular prism (NTP) specimen KIC test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Freshly extracted human molars and premolars were wet ground on 600-grit SiC to obtain 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 mm triangular prisms, exposing buccal or lingual dentin. Dentin surfaces were bonded using a resin composite (Z-250, 3M) and SingleBond dentin bonding system (3M) to obtain 180 8-mm-long dentin-composite NTP specimens. The bonding system was applied using the "wet-bonding" technique. The bonded specimens were randomly assigned to 20 groups. The effect of exposure to three control solutions (tap water, Carbopol, and Carbopol-urea) and to four concentrations (11%, 13%, 16%, 21%) of carbamide peroxide (Perfecta, Premier) was assessed. Testing was conducted after 1, 2, and 3 weeks representing a cumulative exposure of 14, 42, and 70 h. The maximum force recorded before fracture was used to calculate KIC. The data were statistically analysed using two-factor ANOVA followed by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni multiple means comparisons. Selected fractured surfaces were characterized using SEM. RESULTS: Data analysis revealed that cumulative exposure to bleaching agent for 70 h significantly (p < 0.01) decreased the interfacial KIC, regardless of concentration. For the 16% and 21% concentrations, a significant reduction was observed after 42 h. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that bleaching could adversely affect the interfacial fracture toughness of dentin-resin composite adhesive interfaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".