Prevalence of postmenopausal symptoms in North America and Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate differences and similarities in the prevalence of postmenopausal symptoms and their impact on postmenopausal women and male partners of postmenopausal women in North America and Europe. METHODS: The Internet-based survey Clarifying Vaginal Atrophy's Impact on Sex and Relationships (CLOSER) was conducted in North America and Europe. The questionnaire included questions on symptoms experienced by women after menopause and the impact of these symptoms overall and specifically on emotional and physical relationships. This study included 8,200 respondents: 4,100 were postmenopausal women who had experienced vaginal discomfort and 4,100 were male partners of postmenopausal women with this symptom. Differences were significant at the 95% level of confidence. RESULTS: The survey identified vaginal dryness, hot flashes, night sweats, disrupted sleep, and weight gain as the top five symptoms experienced by postmenopausal women in North America and Europe. Overall, symptoms were found to be more prevalent in women from the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada (P < 0.05), and less prevalent in women from Sweden and Italy compared with other countries. In regards to the impact of symptoms overall and on emotional and physical relationships, the greatest number of women from the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada found the impact to be "worse than expected." CONCLUSIONS: The impact of postmenopausal symptoms on relationships is greater in women from countries where symptoms are more prevalent. Postmenopausal women and male partners of postmenopausal women may benefit from greater education about menopause and open discussions with their healthcare provider.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".