Introduction to the Molecular Biology of Baculoviruses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, baculovirus expression vectors have become a very popular and effective means with which to produce recombinant proteins in large quantities ( 1 – 5 ). Posttranslational modifications of the gene products of these insect viruses closely parallel glycosylation, fatty acid acylation, and phosphorylation in mammalian cells (reviewed in 6 ). Scaleup of insect cells in culture has also been largely perfected, making purification of large quantities of recombinant proteins a reality ( 7 ). In addition, baculoviruses offer an ecologically acceptable and effective alternative to chemicals for the control of forest and agricultural insect pests ( 8 , 9 ). Their demonstrated safety as expression vectors and pest management tools is the result of limited host specificity and lack of resemblance to mammalian viruses. The development of the baculovirus expression system was facilitated by the establishment of insect cell lines that support the replication of one subgroup, the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs). The ability to propagate baculoviruses in cell culture has also allowed extensive study of their molecular biology ( 10 ). The model virus in these studies is the Autographa californica NPV (AcNPV). Although it was first isolated from the alfalfa looper ( Autographa californica ), it multiplies readily in cell lines derived from both the fall armyworm ( Spodopterafrugiperda ) and the cabbage looper ( Trichoplusia ni ). Most expression vectors are based on AcNPV infection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells. However, the production of heterologous proteins in silkworm ( Bombyx mori; Bm) larvae relies on infection with recombinant BmNPV ( 4 ). The baculovirus expression system is based on introduction of the foreign gene into nonessential regions of the viral genome through allelic replacement. Production of the recombinant protein is achieved following infection of insect cells or larvae with the newly engineered virus. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.033 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".