Christian morality in "heathen" Jamaica: the American Missionary Association and the case of Dr. Hyde, 1847-1858.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Founding of the MissionBetween 1837 and 1839 American missionaries went Jamaica assist the newly emancipated former slaves in the transition from slavery freedom. American Missionary Association (AMA) established a mission on the island between 1847 and 1875. AMA was founded in Albany, New York on September 3, 1846. main aim of the association was form independent, non-sectarian organization committed the removal of caste wherever its sins were found.1 Throughout the nineteenth century the AMA was responsible for missions around the world, including Africa, Canada, the United States and Jamaica.The AMA's Jamaica Mission was established early in the evolution of the association's far-flung activities. Reverend Daniel S. Ingraham, a former Oberlin student, was responsible for laying the framework of the Jamaica Mission.2 After visiting Cuba in 1836 Ingraham conceived the idea of establishing a self supporting mission among the [emancipated] colored people of Jamaica3 and arrived on the island in 1837. In 1839 Ingraham was joined by five fellow Congregational ministers from Oberlin College with the newly emancipated blacks. Like Ingraham the five ministers - Julius Beardslee, Amos Dresser, Ralph Tyler, C.S. Renshaw, and George Hovey - expected be supported by the former slaves.4 They were not connected with any missionary societies in the United States and were forced be self-reliant.They went Jamaica in expectation of receiving a plain support from the emancipated people among whom they should labor. They soon found their expectations in reference personal support would be disappointed, as there were no missionary bodies in the U.S. from which they could get aid.5As ministers they also were teachers, builders, lawyers, and doctors.The missionaries set up five stations in the eastern section of Jamaica by 1839 (shown in Figure 1). Julius Beardslee went Brainerd, where Daniel Ingraham had established a congregation; George Hovey was at Eliot; Amos Dresser at Union; C.S. Renshaw at Oberlin; and Ralph Tyler at Devon Pen. Ingraham was forced return the United States in 1841 for health reasons. Because of the financial and health difficulties they faced, the mission and its various stations were transferred the West Indian Missionary Committee (WIMC) which became a part of the AMA in 1846. WIMC, an antislavery organization, was established in 1844 in New York to receive and forward contributions the [missionary] work and was responsible for the Jamaica Mission.6The Jamaica Mission officially came under the direction of the AMA in 1847. By 1847 the Jamaica Mission consisted of four stations (Brainerd, Eliot, Union, and Oberlin) and three out-stations: Providence was an out-station of Oberlin, Cool Shade of Brainerd, and Devon Pen of Union. In the 1840s the AMA's operation was based in the parishes of Metcalfe and St. Andrew. The primary purpose of the in Jamaica [as in other foreign missions] was propagate evangelical Christianity among the former slaves. Proselytization was in the hands of the missionaries, whose conduct could do much further or undermine the goals of their organization. early story of the Jamaica Mission centres on the conflicts and tensions within the AMA group, rather than between missionaries and heathens.In the late 1840s and 1850s the Jamaica Mission was marred by doctrinal and sexual scandals centring on Dr. J.S. Hyde. His activities involved several other members of the mission and dramatized the serious damage wrought by the misbehaviour of missionaries and teachers. missionary belief in the superiority of western Christian doctrine and the inferiority of heathenistic Jamaican culture was challenged by Hyde's scandalous behaviour and his radical religious beliefs had a harmful effect on the AMA Jamaica Mission.A Disturbing Influence, 1847-1850In November 1847 Dr. …
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.032 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".