Femoroacetabular impingement in children and adolescents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review discusses the etiology, clinical presentation, and management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in the pediatric population, including etiologic and diagnostic controversies, management options, and outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: New evidence demonstrates conflicting results regarding how and when primary FAI develops in relation to skeletal maturity. Recent studies also discuss the effects of sex, race, and sports on FAI development and radiographic considerations in the pediatric population. Recent literature demonstrates good to excellent outcomes in the operative management of FAI in children and adolescents. SUMMARY: FAI is a source of pediatric hip pain and can occur primarily or secondarily. It is characterized by anterior hip pain, made worse with flexion activities, decreased hip internal rotation, and a positive impingement sign. Pathologic values for radiographic measures of FAI are not clearly defined in the pediatric population. As FAI is a risk factor for osteoarthritis, early intervention in specific patients may be indicated. Hip arthroscopy, surgical hip dislocation, or combined mini-open and arthroscopic approaches are utilized, with good to excellent short, and mid-term functional results. Further study is required in the pediatric population to identify potential preventive strategies, to delineate the pathologic radiographic values of FAI, to define specific indications for operative management, and to examine long-term outcomes to determine optimal management.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".