[Cognitive dysfuctions associated with essential tremor and Parkinson's disease].
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTVE: To explore the incidence of cognitive dysfunction and associated factors in 62 essential tremor (ET) cases, 60 normal controls and 61 Parkinson's disease (PD) cases. METHODS: A total of 62 ET and 61 PD patients from September 2009 to September 2013 were recruited from our outpatient clinic. ET patients received the Tremor Rating Scale for Tremor-motor examination (items 1-15 of rating scale) while 61 PD patients were examined with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)-motor examination and a modified Hoehn and Yahr scale for staging disorder severity. All participants completed Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Beijing version for measuring cognitive functions. And depression was evaluated by the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD). The serum levels of uric acid were tested. RESULTS: A MoCA score <26 (at least mildly cognitive) was observed in 14 (23.3%) normal controls, compared to 24 (38.7%) ET cases and 27 (44.3%) PD cases (P = 0.045 when comparing all 3 groups, and P = 0.532 when comparing ET and PD). The factor scores of visual space/execution were 4.1 ± 1.0, 3.8 ± 1.1 and 3.2 ± 1.6 in normal controls, ET and PD patients, the factor scores of naming 2.9 ± 0.4, 2.8 ± 0.6 and 2.3 ± 0.8 in control, ET and PD patients, the factor scores of delay memory 3.9 ± 0.9, 2.7 ± 1.3 and 2.5 ± 1.7 in control, ET and PD patients. Statistical differences existed in visual space/execution, naming and delay memory (P < 0.05) among 3 groups. Yet there were no statistical differences in attention, language, abstract and directional among 3 groups. Statistical differences existed in visual space/execution and naming between ET and PD patients (P < 0.05). PD cases had the lowest visual space/execution score, followed by ET (intermediate) and highest scores in controls (P < 0.05). In ET patients, cognitive scores were correlated with serum levels of uric acid, education, tremor Rating Scale for Tremor-motor subscale score and depression levels (r = 0.589, P = 0.000; r = 0.449, P = 0.010; r = 0.452, P = 0.009; r = 0.466, P = 0.025). In PD patients, cognitive scores correlated with serum levels of uric acid, education, score of UPDRS-III and depression levels (r = 0.694, P = 0.000; r = 0.614, P = 0.000; r = 0.604, P = 0.000; r = 0.376, P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The incidence of cognition is higher in ET and PD. There were no significant inter-group differences for cognition frequency. The most frequently endorsed symptoms were poor visual spatial ability, execution disturbance and delayed recall disorders. Some connition scores in ET were intermediate between those of PD cases and normal controls. Thus a mild form of connition dysregulation may be present in ET. The degree of cognition symptoms is correlated with serum levels of uric acid, education and serious motor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".