Bibliographic record
Abstract
In most discussions of terrestrial ecology, the weathering patterns and age of the bedrock are an important part of the ecological context. This is especially true on cliffs where soil formation is either absent or minimal and there is direct contact between the rock face and the biota at all times. On level ground, the underlying geology becomes less critical and the processes of soil formation more critical to plant and animal communities over time (Oettli, 1904). The persistence of the contact between the biota and the rocks on cliffs (most often without soil) makes it necessary for us to present a broad summary of the important geological and geomorphological characteristics of cliffs which may influence the abundance and distribution of the biota on the surface. Bedrock composition and strength The emergence of cliffs in the landscape is dependent on both the mechanical strength and the variability in the strength of the bedrock. These traits are built into the rock, both during the initial deposition of the materials and in the subsequent reshaping of the strata by crustal plate movement and large-scale geomorphological events such as glacial advances or the outflows from rivers. The variability built into different strata results in differences in the physical expression of weathering processes, with the removal of weaker materials and the retention of stronger ones. The pronounced series of cliffs interrupted by talus slopes lining the walls of the Grand Canyon, USA, is caused in part by this vertical mgeological heterogeneity in wear resistance (see Fig. 1.2).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".