Fetal sex and maternal risk of pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background A preponderance of male fetuses in pregnancies complicated by pre‐eclampsia was described over 40 years ago. Since then, however, there has been conflicting evidence in the literature, with some studies supporting a male preponderance, some demonstrating no relationship with fetal sex, and others reporting increased risk in pregnancies bearing females. Objectives In this context, we sought to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis to objectively evaluate the relationship between fetal sex and maternal risk of pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia. Search strategy Studies from January 1950 to April 2015 were identified from PUBMED and EMBASE. Selection criteria This systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluated 22 articles reporting data on fetal sex and prevalence of pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia. Data collection and analysis Data were extracted by two independent reviewers. Pooled estimates of the relative risk (RR) were calculated by random‐effects model. Main results Male fetus was considered the exposure and prevalence of maternal pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia was the outcome of interest. We identified 534 studies through electronic searches and three studies through manual searches. Twenty‐two studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, yielding data on 3 163 735 women. Pooled analyses of these studies showed no association between male fetal sex and maternal risk of pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia (RR 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 0.97–1.05); however, a subgroup analysis including only studies that evaluated the non‐Asian population (n = 2 931 771 women) demonstrated that male fetal sex was associated with increased maternal risk of pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia (RR 1.05; 95% CI 1.03–1.06; I2 = 10%; P = 0.33). Conclusion Male fetal sex is associated with maternal risk of pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia in the non‐Asian population. Tweetable abstract Fetal sex is associated with maternal risk of pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia in the non‐Asian population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.015 | 0.042 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.020 | 0.034 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".