Pore-Scale Investigations on the Dynamics of Gravity-Driven Steam-Displacement Process for Heavy-Oil Recovery and Development of Residual Oil Saturation: A 2D Visual Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary The dynamics of a gravity-driven injection process for heavy-oil recovery at the pore scale and the mechanisms leading to the formation of residual oil saturation (ROS) were investigated. The 10 × 15-cm and 5 × 5-cm 2D visual sandpack models (a single layer of sintered microscale glass beads) were prepared and placed into a transparent vacuum chamber to prevent heat loss. The processes were recorded with a high-speed camera to obtain visual data at the pore scale. This process represents the lateral spreading of the steam chamber (half symmetric chamber growth) during steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) for heavy-oil recovery. Oil-trapping mechanisms yielding to the formation of ROS were described and analyzed because of (1) lateral expansion, (2) simultaneous vertical and lateral expansion, (3) pore and particle size, (4) heterogeneities (pore- and particle-size distribution), and (5) wettability. Attention was also given to the ceiling region of the steam chamber and its interaction with the mobilized region at the lateral boundaries of the chamber.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".