Background groundwater concentrations of dissolved selenium in the Kamloops, BC Area - characterization, spatial distribution, and management
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study explores regional background groundwater concentrations of selenium in the Kamloops area, based on recent groundwater quality data collated as part of provincial contaminated site investigations, and determines if regional background concentrations for selenium in groundwater can be inferred based on statistical analysis and covariations with other groundwater characteristics. The objective was to quantify naturally-occurring concentrations of dissolved selenium for the purpose of supporting future groundwater management strategies and regulations. A review of the groundwater data, surrounding geology, and potential sources indicated that higher selenium concentrations are likely due to natural occurring geochemical processes and local geology, as the concentrations are widespread throughout the Kamloops area where anthropogenic sources were not identified. The higher selenium concentrations may be due to the leaching of subsurface soils in the saturated zones underlying alluvial fan deposits and sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The overall 95th percentile selenium concentration in groundwater was determined to be 160 μg/L.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".