Corneal Cross-Linking in Pediatric Patients With Progressive Keratoconus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate corneal cross-linking (CXL) in the treatment of keratoconus in pediatric patients. Specifically, this study investigates the impact of CXL on uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), best-corrected distance visual acuity (BDVA), manifest refraction, keratometry (K) measurements, and higher order aberrations. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational case series of patients 18 years old or younger with progressive keratoconus who underwent CXL from January 2009 to August 2013. Preoperative and 1-year postoperative data including BDVA, manifest refraction, mean K readings, and corneal aberration measurements were extracted from clinical charts and topographical imaging. Visual acuity was converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) scale, and mean refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE) was calculated from manifest refraction. RESULTS: The group consisted of 39 eyes from 28 patients, including 21 males and 7 females (mean age = 16.3 years, range: 11-18, standard deviation [SD] = 1.81). UDVA did not change significantly (preoperative UDVA = 1.20 logMAR, SD = 0.57, and postoperative UDVA = 0.90 logMAR, SD = 0.67, P = 0.19). BDVA did not change significantly (preoperative BDVA = 0.34 logMAR, SD = 0.27, and postoperative BDVA = 0.34 logMAR, SD = 0.23, P = 0.50). There was no significant change in mean K (preoperative K = 48.49, SD = 5.44, and postoperative K = 48.25, SD = 4.74, P = 0.34). Mean MRSE did not change significantly (preoperative MRSE = -3.29 D, SD = 4.04, and postoperative MRSE = -3.53 D, SD = 4.07, P = 0.31). Corneal aberration measurements were available for 10 eyes, and stability of measurements was demonstrated. There were no complications noted. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that CXL is a safe and effective procedure that halts the progression of keratoconus in pediatric patients at 1-year follow-up. To validate these findings, longer follow-up is required.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".