Follow-up study on patients with mild cognitive impairment by hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To retrospectively analyze and investigate the conversion of cognitive function and characteristics of hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were used to assess the cognitive function of 75 MCI patients and 17 normal controls who were matched in sex, age and education with MCI patients. 1H-MRS was performed in the left hippocampus and left frontal lobe with 3.0T MRI respectively to evaluate related metabolites in the brain, including N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), myo-inositol (mI) and glutamate complex (Glx). Results Compared with normal control group, the Glx/Cr ratio of left hippocampus and left frontal lobe in MCI group were significantly lower (P = 0.030, 0.030). By the end of follow-up, 7 of 75 subjects (9.33%) in MCI group had converted to Alzheimer's disease (MCI-AD subgroup), 55 cases (73.33%) had no change on their cognitive function (MCI-MCI subgroup), and 13 cases (17.33%) were considered returning to normal (MCI-normal subgroup). The Glx/Cr ratio of MCI-MCI subgroup was significantly higher than that of MCI-AD subgroup (P = 0.040). In normal control group, 13 cases (13/17) had no change on their cognitive function, and 2 cases (2/17) progressed into MCI. However, none of them converted to AD. Conclusions The decline of Glx/Cr ratio in left hippocampus and left frontal lobe could possibly be the sensitive biological indicator of worsened cognitive function in MCI patients. Further study with enlarged samples and prolonged follow-up is still needed. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2016.06.005
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".