The Relationship Between Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Executive Function Among Individuals with Schizophrenia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness characterized by positive (e.g. hallucination, delusion and thought disorders) and/or negative symptoms (e.g. avolition, apathy and social dysfunction). Although these primary symptoms of schizophrenia can be managed, cognitive impairment continues to be a core and consistent deficit. Physical activity (PA) has numerous physical and mental health benefits, including cognitive benefits among healthy and chronically-ill individuals. Therefore, PA may play a supportive role in mitigating cognitive impairments among individuals with schizophrenia. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between weekly minutes of Moderate to Vigorous PA (MVPA) and executive function (EF; speed processing and working memory) among individuals with schizophrenia. METHODS: Seventy-eight participants with schizophrenia (33 women; range: 21-64 years) participated. Participants wore accelerometers for one week to measure PA. EF was evaluated using the Symbol Coding task for speed processing and the Letters-Numbers Span task for working memory. In order to analyse the relationship between total weekly MVPA and EF, correlational analyses were conducted followed by a Linear Regression controlling for clozapine dose equivalents. As there is some evidence to suggest that cognitive function declines with longer illness duration, the participants were first analysed together and then dichotomized based on the length of their illness duration (≤15 years [N=44] vs. >15 years [N=34]). RESULTS: There was no significant association between total weekly MVPA and EF independent of the length of illness. For individuals with less than 15 years illness duration, there was a significant association between weekly MVPA and the Letters-Numbers Span task (r=0.34; β=0.299; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: PA does not appear to be associated with EF for all individuals with schizophrenia. However, individuals with a more recent diagnosis who engaged in greater MVPA during the week had better performance in working memory. As working memory is essential for functioning and is known to be impaired in this population, experimental research is required in examining whether PA can improve this function in this population. Supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (operating grant).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".