P4‐119: Olfactory identification is associated with verbal intrusion and primacy effects in cognitively normal adults at risk of Alzheimer's dementia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline associated with other symptoms such as olfactory impairments. Olfactory identification is associated with global cognition and memory, as measured by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) in a population of cognitively normal individuals at risk of AD (Lafaille-Magnan, 2014). To further investigate these findings, we studied serial position pattern performance (primacy, middle, recency) and total verbal intrusions in tasks used to make up immediate and delayed memory scores (list and story learning and recall). Primacy effect alteration occurs in the early stages of AD and may relate to rapid forgetting and problems with consolidation (Burkart, 1998; Bruno, 2013). AD patients also display more intrusions during cognitive tasks due to interference sensitivity and decreased attention (Helkala, 1989; Macoir, 2002). We report cross-sectional findings from a cohort of cognitively normal volunteers aged >55. Participants underwent cognitive evaluation using RBANS, without age-adjustment norms. Concurrently, they were given the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). The serial position pattern performance score was established by subdividing the first attempt at list learning task and first attempt at the story memory task into 3 parts: primacy, middle, recency. Total verbal intrusions is a summation of irrelevant responses given in the list learning or story memory tasks as well as during the delayed recall task. Results: We found that UPSIT scores positively correlated with primacy but not with middle or recency effects and were inversely correlated with verbal intrusions (Table 1). In cognitively normal older adults at increased risk for AD, olfactory identification decline was associated with primacy effect and total verbal intrusions. The perforant pathway, a memory pathway involving several anatomical structures of the limbic system, overlaps with the primary olfactory cortex (POC) and hippocampus. We suggest that deficits in higher level sensory processing may be indicative of pathology and neurodegeneration in normal aging but, more importantly, early stages of AD pathology. Ongoing pathological changes in the POC and hippocampus could be an underlying biological mechanism that explains the correlation of olfactory function with early cognitive symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".