<i>In‐situ</i> characterization of the early stage of pipeline steel corrosion in bicarbonate solutions by electrochemical atomic force microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An electrochemical atomic force microscope was used to characterize the early stage of corrosion of an X100 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions with varied concentrations by synchronous measurements of electrochemical potential of the steel and its topographic evolution with time. Upon immersion of the steel in 0.01 M NaHCO 3 solution, both electrochemical potential and topographic profile are associated with the dissolution of air‐formed oxides present on the steel surface. The potential drops and the surface roughness increases rapidly. When corrosion of the steel occurs, the potential further drops and the surface roughness of the steel increases gradually. As the steel corrosion achieves a steady state, the generation of corrosion products reaches a dynamic equilibrium state. The surface roughness maintain an approximately stable value. In solutions containing increased bicarbonate concentrations, such as 0.1 M and 0.5 M NaHCO 3 , the steel can be passivated. The formed passive film can eliminate some surface features and improves the surface roughness. The topographic profile of the steel surface in 0.5 M NaHCO 3 solution is smoother than that in 0.1 M solution. The surface features within 20 nm become eliminated after 4500 s of immersion in 0.1 M NaHCO 3 solution, while larger features within 50 nm in size are eliminated in 0.5 M NaHCO 3 solution in the same time period. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".