Functionalized TiO <sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles as Labels for Immunoassay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We designed a versatile inorganic probe based on functionalized TiO 2 nanoparticles for labeling immunoreagents and developing immunological tests. Similarly to enzymatic probes traditionally used in immunoassay, the TiO 2 probe could be covalently linked to antigens or antibodies and exploited as the signal reporter in immunoassays. The TiO 2 probe allowed revealing the rate of antigen‐antibody complex formation by promoting the oxidation of a suitable chromogenic substrate with absorption in the visible. We demonstrated the suitability of the TiO 2 probe as a label for immunoassay by coupling it to human serum albumin and developing a direct competitive assay to measure micro‐ and macro‐albuminuria for diabetes diagnosis. The developed TiO 2 ‐based assay showed high sensitivity (detection limit 1.4 mg l −1 ), wide dynamic range (6‐1270 mg l −1 ) and acceptable precision (within‐ and between‐assay coefficient of variation %<20 %) and accuracy (75‐95 %) for measuring albumin in human urine. The method is fully compatible with materials and equipment of standard enzyme immunoassay (except for the need of UV irradiation), while the inorganic probe is more robust towards chemical and physical conditions and shows better long term stability compared to enzymes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".