Study on the Electrochemical Corrosion and Scale Growth of Ductile Iron in Water Distribution System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A simulated water distribution system (WDS) combining specialized coupon test units and an electrochemical measurement cell is designed to provide an actual pipe corrosion environment. Coupon test is used to obtain the scale morphology and corrosion rate (CS), and provide scale samples for physicochemical characteristic analysis. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is conducted simultaneously to display the scale structure change. Three corrosion stages are observed during a 32-day circulation. In initial stage (before day 4), the thin double-layer scales fast form inducing a sharp decline of CS (0.9455~0.1492 mm/a). In developmental stage (day 4~16), the loose scales grow uniformly and the CS decreases slowly (0.1492~0.0936 mm/a). In stable stage (after day 16), the protective scales with a compact outside layer finally form, and the CS maintains at a low value around 0.0900 mm/a. EIS fitting results showed that the stable scales consisted of a compact outside layer and a porous inside layer. In the stable stage, the increasing content of goethite and calcite slows the rate of dissolved oxygen diffusing through the scales, resulting in mass diffusion turning to be the rate-determining step of corrosion. Finally the mechanism of scale growth and localized tubercle formation is proposed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".