Effect of β-Glucans and Process Conditions on the Membrane Filtration Performance of Beer
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An extended filtration test with 0.45-μm membranes was employed in this study to investigate the influence of β-glucan polymers, shearing, pH, ethanol content, and storage time on beer filterability. Results indicated that the presence of β-glucans caused lower beer filterability. The maximum amount of beer filtered through a membrane filter (Vmax) and the initial filtration rate (Qinit) decreased with the addition of higher β-glucan molecular weight at higher concentrations. Shearing beer at 0–10°C resulted in lower Vmax and Qinit values. Higher pH values were found to improve beer filterability. Compared with nonalcohol beer samples, beers containing 5 and 10% (v/v) of ethanol showed lower Qinit and higher Vmax values. However, the addition of ethanol at 5 and 10% (v/v) decreased the relative Vmax (%) value of beer samples containing β-glucans compared with β-glucan-free beers. Filtration tests also suggested that a cold storage at 4°C for two weeks did not affect filterability in β-glucan treated beers.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it