Tissue Specific Insulin Resistance Following Voluntary Physical Activity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Physical inactivity and a sedentary lifestyle are risk factors for insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes. However, the systemic impact of voluntary exercise on insulin sensitivity in the liver compared to skeletal muscle has not been adequately explored. METHODS: Subgroups of young, male C57BL/6J mice (SED) were provided voluntary access to running wheels for 8 weeks (RUN). Then, mice were challenged with a physiological dose of insulin (i.p., 0.5 U kg-1) and insulin-dependent signaling mechanisms in the liver and gastrocnemius/plantaris complex were quantified. RESULTS: Mice provided voluntary access to running wheels consistently averaged 6-8km of daily running for the duration of the 8 weeks. Insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation modestly increased by 37% in the gastrocnemius/plantaris complex from RUN mice compared to SED controls (p=0.17). In contrast, a significant increase in insulin-stimulated Akt and GSK3β phosphorylations (2.5 and 3-fold, respectively) were evident in livers from RUN mice compared to SED controls. Further, expression of SOCS3, a protein implicated in insulin resistance, was decreased 2-fold in livers from RUN mice (no effect in skeletal muscle). CONCLUSIONS: Here, we identified disparate responses in insulin sensitivity and signaling in the liver and exercising skeletal muscles following 8 weeks of voluntary physical activity. These findings demonstrate that even in otherwise healthy animals, the lack of physical activity leads to significant alterations in insulin-dependent signaling which likely represent the initial pathogenesis of impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".