Effects of Lifestyle Interventions on Adipose Tissue Biology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Healthy body weight and higher levels of physical activity are associated with lower risk of developing multiple types of cancer. However, the mechanisms responsible for these associations are not yet well understood. Proposed mechanisms involve changes in genetic biomarkers such as inflammatory factors, steroid hormones, and insulin-like growth factors accompanying lifestyle changes. PURPOSE: The purpose of this review was to examine the effects of lifestyle interventions on adipose tissue at the biological level. METHODS: Embase, Medline, and CINAHL were searched using keywords relating to exercise or diet interventions, adipose tissue biology, and outcomes of interest. Eligible studies included randomized clinical trials of exercise and/or dietary interventions compared to control or other interventions reporting collection of adipose tissue. Studies not involving lifestyle interventions, adipose tissue collection, or randomization were excluded, as were studies with non-adult or animal subjects. Data extracted from selected studies included participant characteristics, intervention protocol, sampling protocol, and reported outcomes. RESULTS: 635 studies were retrieved from the search strategy, 20 met criteria for inclusion in the review. Intervention length ranged from 1 week to 6 months, with 12 weeks being the most common. The majority of interventions modified caloric intake or amount of aerobic exercise; 8 studies used a combination of both. The most common changes noted in adipose tissue gene expression were in inflammation-related and adipogenesis genes. Specifically, reported mRNA values for IL-6, IL-18, IL-15, MIP-1, MCP-1 decreased in combined diet and exercise interventions, but not in exercise-only interventions. 3 studies reported no changes in inflammation-related gene levels between interventions arm, but did note changes by weight change categories. Increases in expression of adiponectin were seen in n =4 trials, while n=3 found no changes. Specific to exercise alone, an increase in angiogenesis-related genes was reported in n=4 studies, specifically ANGPTL-4 in 1 study. CONCLUSION: Interventions leading to weight loss result in altered gene expression of inflammatory markers in adipose tissue, while less change in gene expression is noted with exercise alone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".