Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Liquid water has unique properties that make it a universal solvent. Water is an essential component of almost all physiological and biochemical reactions; therefore, its presence is required everywhere within an organism. The circulatory systems of animals and the vascular system of plants move fluids over long distances. In the tallest trees, water moves across a height gradient of 100 m or more, thereby connecting roots and distant leaves. On a cellular and tissue level, water movement is facilitated by intrinsic membrane proteins called aquaporins. These water channels are found in all life forms. Aquaporins have been mostly studied in mammals and plants, where water channels play important physiological roles. This article gives an overview of the discovery, structure and regulation of aquaporins. Their roles in different life forms are discussed. Key Concepts Water can diffuse through the lipid bilayer, but without aquaporins flow across membranes is slow. Aquaporins are integral membrane transport proteins, and they facilitate water movement in cells, tissues and entire organisms. A single water channel allows the passive passage of more than one billion water molecules per second. The aquaporin protein family is ancient, and aquaporins can be found in a wide range of organisms. Aquaporins appear to play important physiological roles in mammals, plants and other organisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".