Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Soviet Union’s initial position was against nuclear sharing with China, defined by Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin’s distrust of China dating back to the 1920s, and influenced by his oscillating support for Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong. 1 Stalin was even reluctant to extend the nuclear umbrella in 1949, the year the Soviets detonated their first nuclear device. 2 His more assertive support to China in 1950, as part of the Sino-Soviet treaty of 1950, was to ensure China remained allied, but he had no intention of ever extending nuclear assistance. 3 Stalin refused Chinese requests for nuclear weapons in 1949 and again in 1952. 4 Whereas for Stalin China was an inevitable rival, for Soviet premier Nikita Krushchev the experience of Soviet isolation warranted an attempt to turn China into a nuclear ally to help confront the US in the Western Pacific. China’s pursuit of a nuclear arsenal was driven by a need to consolidate its revolution and protect its recovery from its century of humiliation. Beijing was unable to exploit the Soviet nuclear umbrella as an extended compellent to leverage its influence during the 1954–1955 and 1958 Taiwan Straits Crises. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".