Characterization of surge superposition following 2-stage load rejection in hydroelectric power plant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When calculating the maximum upsurge in surge tank due to load rejection in a hydroelectric power plant, it has been natural and customary to believe that the maximum surge amplitude occurs in simultaneous load rejection of all units at 100% load. As 2-stage load rejection (2-stage LR), involving a step-wise reduction in load, is not considered since it is assumed to produce less severe surge conditions. This study formulates the surge superposition associated with 2-stage LR and shows, surprisingly but significantly, that such 2-stage LR sometimes produces more severe surge conditions than simultaneous and complete load rejection (SCLR). The results indicate that this unexpected phenomenon is ascribable to the resistant effect of throttled surge tank, whose increase will lead to a greater difference in the maximum upsurges between 2-stage LR and SCLR conditions. Different time intervals during 2-stage LR correspond to different maximum upsurges. The analytical formula predicting the worst interval time is derived exactly and verified with two numerical cases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".