Physiological And Electromyography Responses During A Maximal Incremental Skating Test On Slide Board
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Specific skating fitness test is challenging to be performed on laboratory or track, because the use of skating treadmill is expensive. Since slide board skating mimics the skating gesture, it could be used as an alternative method to evaluate speed skaters. PURPOSE: To analyze the physiological responses and muscle activation characteristics during an incremental slide board skating test. METHODS: 10 ice speed skaters completed a maximal 1-min stage incremental cadence skating protocol on an instrumented slide board, until voluntary exhaustion or until they were no longer capable to keep the pace. Oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate [Lac] and EMG of vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), gluteus maximum (GM), gluteus medius (GMd) and adductor magnus (AM) muscles were analyzed. Maximal physiological indices and the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) were determined. Root mean square (RMS) of EMG signal was compared between muscles and throughout the test (10%, 40%, 70% and 90% of the test), using Student’s t test (p<0.05). RESULTS: All participants attained at least three of four criteria for VO2max attainment (VO2 plateau, maximum HR predicted, RER ≥ 1.1 and [Lac] ≥ 8 mmol.l-1). VT2 occurred at 84.3 ± 3.1% of maximal cadence (CADmax) obtained during the test. RMS significantly increased as the cadence increased for all the muscles (p < 0.05). RMS of all muscles analyzed significantly increased at each instant of time. GM activation at the end of the test (227.2±55.2% of the beginning of the test) was significantly higher than all muscles analyzed, followed by VL (183.2±36.8%). A significant correlation between RMS and CADmax was found for VL (r=0.87), GM (r=0.86) and GMd (r=0.74). CONCLUSION: An incremental maximal skating protocol on slide board elucidated maximal physiological responses and seems adequate to evaluate aerobic indices of performance on skaters. Also, the muscle recruitment pattern during skating on slide board was similar to the one found on treadmill skating and ice skating, since GM muscle and VL are the main responsible for the power generated at the hip and knee, respectively, while GMd is associated with the stroke velocity during skating.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".